Does rhodiola cause insomnia or agitation?
It can. Insomnia, agitation, irritability and dizziness are among the reported undesirable effects of rhodiola extracts.

The short answer
Rhodiola is usually described as activating rather than calming. NCCIH lists dizziness, headache, insomnia and dry mouth or excess saliva as possible side effects, and the European Medicines Agency’s assessment report records agitation, insomnia and irritability among reported effects. Taking it earlier in the day and avoiding stimulant stacking reduces the chance of sleep disruption; stop if symptoms persist.
Sources
- Rhodiola: Usefulness and SafetyNCCIH
- Assessment report on Rhodiola rosea L., rhizoma et radixEuropean Medicines Agency